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1 native
native [ˈneɪtɪv]1. adjectivea. ( = original) [country] natal ; [language] maternelb. [talent, ability] innéc. [plant, animal] indigène2. noun( = person) autochtone mf3. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Aux États-Unis, l'expression Native Americans désigne les populations autochtones, par opposition aux Américains d'origine européenne, africaine ou asiatique. On peut aussi parler d'« American Indian » (Indien d'Amérique), mais l'on évite les dénominations « Red Indian » ou « redskin » (Peau-Rouge), considérées comme méprisantes ou insultantes.* * *['neɪtɪv] 1.2.to be a native of — [person, plant] être originaire de
1) ( original) [land] natal; [tongue] maternel/-ellenative German speaker — personne f de langue maternelle allemande
2) Botany, Zoology indigèneto go native — hum adopter les coutumes locales
3) [cunning] inné; [wit] naturel/-elle -
2 native
A n1 gen, Bot, Zool ( from a particular place) natif/-ive m/f ; to be a native of [person, plant] être originaire de ; to speak a language like a native parler une langue comme si c'était sa langue maternelle ;3 péj ( local resident) autochtone mf ; the natives never visit the museum hum les gens du pays ne vont jamais au musée.B adj1 ( original) [land] natal ; [tongue] maternel/-elle ; his native Austria l'Autriche, son pays natal ; native German speaker personne f de langue maternelle allemande ; native English speaker anglophone mf ; native French speaker francophone mf ;2 Anthrop, Bot, Zool [labour, peoples, quarter, species] indigène ; native to Northern Europe originaire de l'Europe du Nord ; to go native hum adopter les coutumes locales ;4 ( local) [produce] du pays. -
3 native
['neɪtɪv] 1.1) (original) [ land] nativo, natio; [ tongue] materno2) bot. zool. indigenoto go native — scherz. assumere i costumi del luogo
3) (natural) [cunning, wit] innato2.to be a native of — [person, plant] essere originario di
* * *['neitiv] 1. adjective1) (where one was born: my native land.) natale, natio2) (belonging to that place; local: the native customs/art of Brazil; This animal/plant is native to Australia.) locale, nativo3) (belonging by race to a country: a native Englishman.) nativo4) (belonging to a person naturally: native intelligence.) innato2. noun1) (a person born in a certain place: a native of Scotland; a native of London.) nativo2) (one of the original inhabitants of a country eg before the arrival of explorers, immigrants etc: Columbus thought the natives of America were Indians.) indigeno•- native language/tongue
- native speaker
- native to
- the Nativity* * *['neɪtɪv] 1.1) (original) [ land] nativo, natio; [ tongue] materno2) bot. zool. indigenoto go native — scherz. assumere i costumi del luogo
3) (natural) [cunning, wit] innato2.to be a native of — [person, plant] essere originario di
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4 speak
spi:kpast tense - spoke; verb1) (to say (words) or talk: He can't speak; He spoke a few words to us.) hablar2) ((often with to or (American) with) to talk or converse: Can I speak to/with you for a moment?; We spoke for hours about it.) hablar, conversar3) (to (be able to) talk in (a language): She speaks Russian.) hablar4) (to tell or make known (one's thoughts, the truth etc): I always speak my mind.) decir5) (to make a speech, address an audience: The Prime Minister spoke on unemployment.) pronunciar•- speaker- speaking
- spoken
- - spoken
- generally speaking
- speak for itself/themselves
- speak out
- speak up
- to speak of
speak vb hablarI can't hear you, could you speak a little louder? no te oigo, ¿podrías hablar más alto?tr[spiːk]1 (gen) hablar■ could you speak more slowly please? ¿podrías hablar más despacio, por favor?■ I need speak to you about next year's budget necesito hablar contigo acerca del presupuesto del año que viene■ they're not speaking (to each other) no se hablan, no se dirigen la palabra2 (make speech) pronunciar un discurso■ he spoke for/in favor of the motion habló en favor de la moción3 (on phone) hablar■ Laura speaking! ¡Laura al habla!■ can I speak to Karen please? ¿me puedes poner con Karen por favor?, ¿me pasas con Karen por favor?■ speaking! ¡al habla!, ¡soy yo!, ¡yo mismo,-a!1 (utter, say) decir2 (language) hablar■ do you speak English? ¿hablas inglés?\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLgenerally/roughly speaking en términos generalespersonally speaking personalmenteso to speak por así decirlospeak for yourself! ¡eso lo dirás tú!, ¡eso lo dirás por ti!speak now or forever hold your peace hable ahora o guarde silencio para siempreto be nothing to speak of no ser nada especial, no ser nada del otro mundoto speak for itself/themselves ser evidente, hablar por sí solospeaking of... a propósito de...to speak ill of somebody / speak well of somebody hablar mal de alguien/hablar bien de alguiento speak in public hablar en públicoto speak in tongues hablar en lenguas desconocidasto speak one's mind hablar claro, hablar sin rodeosto speak out of turn hablar fuera de lugarto speak volumes decirlo todo1) talk: hablarto speak to someone: hablar con alguienwho's speaking?: ¿de parte de quien?so to speak: por así decirlo2)to speak out : hablar claramente3)to speak out against : denunciar4)to speak up : hablar en voz alta5)to speak up for : defenderspeak vt1) say: decirshe spoke her mind: habló con franqueza2) : hablar (un idioma)v.(§ p.,p.p.: spoke, spoken) = decir v.(§pres: digo, dices...) pret: dij-pp: dichofut/c: dir-•)• hablar v.• parlar v.spiːk
1.
1)a) ( say something) hablarsorry, did you speak? — perdón ¿dijiste algo? or ¿me hablaste?
to speak TO o (esp AmE) WITH somebody — hablar con alguien, hablarle a alguien
wake up Mark, speak to me! — Mark despierta, di algo!
they are not speaking (to each other) — no se hablan, no se dirigen la palabra
to speak OF something/somebody/-ING — hablar de algo/alguien/+ inf
you never spoke of this to anyone? — ¿nunca hablaste de esto con nadie?
they don't have much money to speak of — no tienen mucho dinero, que digamos
speaking personally, I think... — personalmente, creo que...
roughly/generally speaking — en términos generales
legally/morally speaking — desde el punto de vista legal/moral
b) ( on telephone)hello, Barbara Mason speaking... — buenas tardes, habla or (Esp tb) soy Barbara Mason
could I speak to Mrs Hodges, please? - speaking! — ¿podría hablar con la Sra. Hodges, por favor? - con ella (habla)
who's speaking, please? — ( to caller) ¿de parte de quien?; ( to person answering a call) ¿con quién hablo?
2) ( make speech) hablarto speak ON o ABOUT something — hablar acerca de or sobre algo
2.
vta) (say, declare)nobody spoke a word — nadie dijo nada, nadie abrió la boca (fam)
to speak one's mind o thoughts — hablar claro or con franqueza
to speak the truth — decir* la verdad
b) \<\<language\>\> hablardo you speak English? — ¿habla inglés?
Phrasal Verbs:- speak up[spiːk] (pt spoke) (pp spoken)1. VI1) hablarhave you spoken to him? — ¿has hablado con él?
did you speak? — ¿dijiste algo?
technically/biologically speaking — en términos técnicos/biológicos, desde el punto de vista técnico/biológico
•
I'll speak to him about it — (=discuss it with him) lo hablaré con él; (=point it out to him) se lo diré•
speaking as a student myself — hablando desde mi experiencia como estudiante•
we're not speaking — no nos hablamos•
speak now or forever hold your peace — hable ahora o guarde para siempre silencio•
he's very well spoken of — tiene buen nombre or buena famaspeaking of holidays... — a propósito de las vacaciones...
•
speaking personally... — en cuanto a mí..., yo por mi parte...•
roughly speaking — en términos generales•
so to speak — por decirlo así, por así decir•
to speak well of sb — hablar bien de algn2) (=make a speech, give one's opinion) hablarwhen the minister had spoken... — cuando terminó de hablar el ministro...
the chairman asked Mr Wright to speak — el presidente le concedió la palabra al Sr. Wright
are you speaking in the debate? — ¿interviene usted en el debate?
3) (Telec)speaking! — ¡al habla!
"could I speak to Alison?" - "speaking!" — -¿podría hablar con Alison? -¡al habla! or -¡soy yo! or (esp LAm) -¡con ella!
this is Peter speaking — ¡soy Peter!, ¡habla Peter!
may I speak to Mr Jones? — ¿me pone con el Sr. Jones, por favor?
who is that speaking? — ¿con quién hablo?, ¿quién es?; (taking message) ¿de parte (de quién)?
4) (fig) [gun] oírse, sonar2. VT1) (=talk) [+ language] hablardo you speak English? — ¿hablas inglés?
2) (=utter) decir•
nobody spoke a word — nadie habló, nadie dijo palabra- speak up* * *[spiːk]
1.
1)a) ( say something) hablarsorry, did you speak? — perdón ¿dijiste algo? or ¿me hablaste?
to speak TO o (esp AmE) WITH somebody — hablar con alguien, hablarle a alguien
wake up Mark, speak to me! — Mark despierta, di algo!
they are not speaking (to each other) — no se hablan, no se dirigen la palabra
to speak OF something/somebody/-ING — hablar de algo/alguien/+ inf
you never spoke of this to anyone? — ¿nunca hablaste de esto con nadie?
they don't have much money to speak of — no tienen mucho dinero, que digamos
speaking personally, I think... — personalmente, creo que...
roughly/generally speaking — en términos generales
legally/morally speaking — desde el punto de vista legal/moral
b) ( on telephone)hello, Barbara Mason speaking... — buenas tardes, habla or (Esp tb) soy Barbara Mason
could I speak to Mrs Hodges, please? - speaking! — ¿podría hablar con la Sra. Hodges, por favor? - con ella (habla)
who's speaking, please? — ( to caller) ¿de parte de quien?; ( to person answering a call) ¿con quién hablo?
2) ( make speech) hablarto speak ON o ABOUT something — hablar acerca de or sobre algo
2.
vta) (say, declare)nobody spoke a word — nadie dijo nada, nadie abrió la boca (fam)
to speak one's mind o thoughts — hablar claro or con franqueza
to speak the truth — decir* la verdad
b) \<\<language\>\> hablardo you speak English? — ¿habla inglés?
Phrasal Verbs:- speak up -
5 native
1. noun1) (of specified place)a native of Britain — ein gebürtiger Brite/eine gebürtige Britin
2) (indigenous person) Eingeborene, der/die3) (local inhabitant) Einheimische, der/diethe natives — die Einheimischen
4) (Zool., Bot.)2. adjectivebe a native of a place — in einem Ort beheimatet sein
1) (indigenous) eingeboren; (local) einheimisch [Pflanze, Tier]be a native American — gebürtiger Amerikaner/gebürtige Amerikanerin sein
native inhabitant — Eingeborene/Einheimische, der/die
he's not a native speaker of English — Englisch ist nicht seine Muttersprache
3) (innate) angeboren [Qualitäten, Schläue]•• Cultural note:Dies ist die heute akzeptierte Bezeichnung für die Ureinwohner Nord- und Südamerikas sowie der Karibik. Sie wird besonders im offiziellen Kontext dem Ausdruck American Indian vorgezogen, da sie akkurater und positiver ist, denn Indian rührt daher, dass Kolumbus bei seiner Ankunft in Amerika annahm, in Indien zu sein. American Indian wird aber weiterhin viel verwendet und von den betreffenden Völkern nicht als diskriminierend empfunden* * *['neitiv] 1. adjective1) (where one was born: my native land.) Heimat-...2) (belonging to that place; local: the native customs/art of Brazil; This animal/plant is native to Australia.) Mutter-...3) (belonging by race to a country: a native Englishman.) eingeboren4) (belonging to a person naturally: native intelligence.) angeboren2. noun1) (a person born in a certain place: a native of Scotland; a native of London.) der/die Einheimische2) (one of the original inhabitants of a country eg before the arrival of explorers, immigrants etc: Columbus thought the natives of America were Indians.) der/die Eingeborene•- academic.ru/89383/Native_American">Native American- native language/tongue
- native speaker
- native to
- the Nativity* * *na·tive[ˈneɪtɪv, AM -t̬-]1. (of one's birth) beheimatet, heimatlichsb's \native country [or land] jds Heimatlandhe's a \native Canadian er ist gebürtiger Kanadiersb's \native language [or tongue] jds Mutterspracheto stand on one's \native soil again wieder heimatlichen Boden betreten\native villages Eingeborenendörfer plthey were welcomed by a group of Maoris in \native dress sie wurden von einer Gruppe Maoris begrüßt, die nach Art der Einheimischen gekleidet waren3. BOT, ZOOL animal, plant beheimatet, einheimischthe horse is not \native to the Americas das Pferd war ursprünglich nicht in Amerika beheimatet4. (innate) angeboren\native ability/talent angeborene Fähigkeit/angeborenes Talenta \native of Monaco ein gebürtiger Monegasse/eine gebürtige Monegassinto speak English like a \native Englisch wie seine Muttersprache sprechen; (indigenous, aboriginal) Eingeborene(r) f(m)to go \native ( hum fam) wie die Eingeborenen leben* * *['neItɪv]1. adj1) product, costume, customs, habits, plants einheimisch; (= associated with natives) der Eingeborenen; population eingeborennative country — Heimatland nt
native town/city — Heimatstadt f
the native inhabitants or people — die Einheimischen pl; (in colonial context) die Eingeborenen pl
the native habitat of the tiger — die Heimat or der natürliche Lebensraum des Tigers
my native Germany — mein Heimatland nt or meine Heimat Deutschland
a native German —
an animal/tree native to India — ein in Indien beheimatetes Tier/beheimateter Baum
2) (= inborn) wit, quality angeboren3) metal gediegen2. n1) (= person) Einheimische(r) mf; (in colonial contexts) Eingeborene(r) mf; (= original inhabitant) Ureinwohner(in) m(f)a native of Britain/Germany — ein gebürtiger Brite/Deutscher, eine gebürtige Britin/Deutsche
2)* * *native [ˈneıtıv]A adj (adv natively)2. eingeboren, Ureinwohner…, Eingeborenen…:native quarter Eingeborenenviertel n;Native American Indianer(in)3. (ein)heimisch, inländisch, Landes…:native plant einheimische Pflanze;native product Landesprodukt n4. heimatlich, Heimat…:native country Geburts-, Vaterland n;native language Muttersprache f;native town Heimat-, Vaterstadt f;native place Geburts-, Heimatort m;in his native France in seinem Mutterland Frankreich;are you native to London? sind Sie gebürtiger Londoner?5. ursprünglich, urwüchsig, naturhaft (Schönheit etc)6. ursprünglich, eigentlich:8. MINERa) roh, Jungfern…b) natürlich vorkommend9. obs nahe verwandt (to dat, mit)B s1. Ureinwohner(in)2. Einheimische(r) m/f(m):a native of Berlin ein gebürtiger Berliner;are you a native here? sind Sie von hier?nat. abk1. national2. native3. natural* * *1. nouna native of Britain — ein gebürtiger Brite/eine gebürtige Britin
2) (indigenous person) Eingeborene, der/die3) (local inhabitant) Einheimische, der/die4) (Zool., Bot.)2. adjective1) (indigenous) eingeboren; (local) einheimisch [Pflanze, Tier]be a native American — gebürtiger Amerikaner/gebürtige Amerikanerin sein
native inhabitant — Eingeborene/Einheimische, der/die
2) (of one's birth) Geburts-, Heimat[land, -stadt]; Mutter[sprache, -sprachler]3) (innate) angeboren [Qualitäten, Schläue]4) (of the natives) Eingeborenen-•• Cultural note:Dies ist die heute akzeptierte Bezeichnung für die Ureinwohner Nord- und Südamerikas sowie der Karibik. Sie wird besonders im offiziellen Kontext dem Ausdruck American Indian vorgezogen, da sie akkurater und positiver ist, denn Indian rührt daher, dass Kolumbus bei seiner Ankunft in Amerika annahm, in Indien zu sein. American Indian wird aber weiterhin viel verwendet und von den betreffenden Völkern nicht als diskriminierend empfunden* * *(person) n.Eingeborene m.,f. adj.angeboren adj.einheimisch adj. n.bodenständig adj. -
6 native
1) ( of one's birth) beheimatet, heimatlich;he's a \native Canadian er ist gebürtiger Kanadier;to stand on one's \native soil again wieder heimatlichen Boden betreten\native villages Eingeborenendörfer ntpl;they were welcomed by a group of Maoris in \native dress sie wurden von einer Gruppe Maoris begrüßt, die nach Art der Einheimischen gekleidet waren3) bot, zool animal, plant beheimatet, einheimisch;the horse is not \native to the Americas das Pferd war ursprünglich nicht in Amerika beheimatet4) ( innate) angeboren;( indigenous inhabitant) Einheimische(r) f(m);a \native of Monaco ein gebürtiger Monegasse/eine gebürtige Monegassin;to speak English like a \native Englisch wie seine Muttersprache sprechen;(indigenous, aboriginal) Eingeborene(r) f(m); -
7 native
I ['neɪtɪv] nуроженец, местный житель- native of London- speak Italian like a native II ['neɪtɪv] adjродной, местный, природный, врождённый, характерныйThe talent for music is native to her. — У нее природный талант к музыке.
- one's native placePlease name the plants and animals native to the country. — Пожалуйста, назовите растения и животных, характерных для этой страны
- one's native town
- one's native village
- one's native language
- native population
- Native Americans
- native speaker
- house built of native stone -
8 Grammar
I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performancehe implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
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